Clogs in water recovery systems on the International Space Station (ISS) have become a persistent issue due to the formation of biofilms. Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that adhere to one another and various surfaces, including the insides of water recovery tubing. The accumulation of these microbial or fungal growths can lead to the clogging of filters in water processing systems and pose health risks to astronauts.
The consequences of biofilm formation extend beyond the inconvenience of clogged systems. It can also damage equipment, such as space suits, recycling units, radiators, and water treatment facilities, resulting in significant financial costs for space agencies. NASA, for instance, has allocated a substantial $1.3 billion as part of its budget for resupplying cargo missions to the ISS in 2023 alone. Preventing microbial growth is particularly crucial for long-duration space missions to destinations like the moon or Mars, where returning to Earth quickly for repairs or medical treatment is not feasible.
Recognizing the seriousness of this issue, researchers from the University of Colorado, MIT, and the NASA Ames Research Center embarked on a cross-collaboration study. They focused on a specific type of gram-negative bacteria, commonly found in biofilms, and explored potential solutions to inhibit its growth. In addition, they partnered with LiquiGlide, a company led by MIT researcher Kripa Varanasi that specializes in reducing friction between solids and liquids.
The multidisciplinary study yielded promising results. The researchers found that applying a thin layer of nucleic acids to surfaces prevented bacterial growth on samples taken from the ISS. Nucleic acids possess a slight negative electric charge that impedes microbial adhesion. Additionally, the testing surfaces were etched with “nanograss”—silicon spikes with a silicon oil coating, creating a slippery surface where biofilm struggles to attach.
By implementing this technique of nucleic acid coverage, the researchers observed a reduction of microbial formation by approximately 74% in terrestrial samples. Surprisingly, the space station samples exhibited an even more significant decrease of approximately 86%. However, the research team acknowledges the need for longer-duration tests on future missions to validate these initial findings. Pamela Flores, a microbiology expert from the University of Colorado involved in the study, emphasized the importance of extended incubation periods and continuous analysis to assess the long-term efficacy of this approach.
The potential of nucleic acid coatings to prevent biofilm buildup in space is a significant breakthrough with wide-ranging implications. Not only does it address the immediate challenges faced by astronauts on the ISS, but it also holds promise for future space exploration missions. By mitigating the risk of biofilm formation, space agencies can reduce costs associated with maintaining and replacing equipment. Moreover, they can ensure the well-being of astronauts during long-haul journeys to distant celestial bodies, where timely repairs or medical interventions may not be feasible.
The findings of this study highlight the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in overcoming challenges faced in space exploration. By leveraging expertise from various fields, researchers were able to develop innovative solutions with practical applications for space missions. Continued research and testing will be crucial to refine the nucleic acid coating method, ensuring its reliability and durability over extended periods of time.
As humanity ventures further into the cosmos, it is imperative to address microbial challenges associated with long-duration space travel. By developing effective strategies to prevent biofilm formation and microbial growth, we can safeguard the integrity of equipment, protect astronaut health, and maximize the success of future space missions. The lessons learned from combating germs in space will also have valuable applications on Earth, aiding in the development of antimicrobial technologies and improving healthcare practices.
